Backtests & Track Records: What Historical Results Really Show
Understanding simulation, recognizing misconceptions and retracing the path from historical explanation to prospective testing.
Knowledge registers
Contents
All topics, their allocation and their processing status – existing content and recognizable gaps.
A map of knowledge.
Topics, indentations and content status at a glance.
123 topics
Automation and Ecosystem
Expert Advisors, Market, Signals and Hosting as a coherent system.
Stakeholders & Responsibilities
Who delivers software, who charges prices, who owes the performance – and what is actually proven?
Consumer protection and brand clones
Check seriousness, technical observation and responsibility on the basis of different evidence.
Glossary
Terms, English names and typical confusion – with direct links and occupied depressions.
Editorial and source standard →
Maximum transparency also means: Disclosing limits, interests and processing status.
Inside the Brokerage
How a CFD broker makes money, distributes risks and sets incentives – explained from the perspective of a fictitious pattern broker.
Gurung v. MetaQuotes →
An alleged fraud scheme, widely used trading software and the legal limits of attributing responsibility. Court documents, RICO and unresolved questions about controls.
The path of an order →
From the click in the MetaTrader frontend to the customer execution – and to the separate risk hedge of the broker. A-Book, B-Book and Hybrid in comparison.
Understand MAM & PAMM
One manager order, multiple investors: how volume, profits, losses and success fees are distributed – and why accounts can be charged differently.
MetaTrader 4: the detailed user guide
From first access to the traceable trading protocol: use MT4 and understand the consequences of an action.
MetaTrader 5: the detailed user guide
Rank the account and instrument correctly, control orders and reliably track the additional MT5 logic.
Manage positions: MT4, MT5, Netting & Hedging
What happens when changing, partially closing or counter-trading with the account – with a comprehensible comparison.
MetaTrader Apps and WebTerminal
MT4 and MT5 on iPhone, iPad, Android and in the browser: official accesses and a device change guide.
Install, Check & Stop Expert Advisors
File, parameters, trading rights and runtime: a controlled expiry for MT4 and MT5.
Saving trading history and reports for verification →
From visible result to auditable record: period, tickets, costs and open risks.
Connection, Journal & Error Messages
A systematic diagnostic sequence: first to determine the condition, then to make a targeted change.
Understanding and setting up copy trading →
Who makes the decision, how does it get to their own account – and why can the result differ?
Contract specifications: Reading the instrument before the trade
Symbol name, lot, point, tick, costs and execution rules – assign the crucial information in a comprehensible way.
Strategy Tester: MT4 & MT5 Step by Step →Backtests and Track Records
Set up a test reproducibly, test its assumptions and correctly limit historical results.
Trading Fees: Spread, Markup, Margin & Position Size
The whole position pays for the spread. How trading costs arise, when a tariff is cheaper and which charges disappear behind small numbers.
Understanding leverage, margin & stop-out
What makes a big position with a small account: understanding account value, security performance, and intervention thresholds together.
Who is allowed to offer CFD and FX trading?
EU, UK, Switzerland and USA: Provider roles, authorisation, capital and cross-border market access – with verifiable sources and clear borders.
CFD loss-account percentages: calculation, requirements and interpretation →
What the mandatory percentage actually measures, how a provider determines it and why it does not replace a broker ranking.
Social, Copy and Mirror Trading
Who delivers the idea, who decides, who performs and who deserves? An Overview of Delegated Trade and Its Limits.
The History of Retail Margin Trading
Multiple origins, early players and the path from telephone trading to the global platform ecosystem – with filterable timeline and open source findings.
Order Types & Execution
Understand market, limit, stop and stop limit: which price counts, what triggers an order and why triggering is not yet execution.
Long & Short: Direction, Result and Risk
What a position does when prices rise or fall – and why leverage, margin and profit are different sizes.
Hedging Portfolios: Effect, Limits and Costs
Partial and full hedging – with index short, beta, basis risk and a look at alternatives.
Understanding futures: symbols, term structure and rollover →
Decipher contract identifiers, understand tick values and understand maturity changes – without confusing price spacing and fee.
How CFD prices are formed: references, quotes and liquidity →
The displayed price is only part of the execution: the reference market, the spread, the quantity conditions and the order book priority.
Execution quality and trading evidence →
How a job is reconstructed: matching reference, slippage, partial executions, timestamps and robust documents.
Virtual Dealer Plugin
Historical functional analysis, parameters and concretely classified cases.
Instruments: Forex, CFDs and stock market products
What distinguishes the traded products?
Order, Deal and Position
When does an order become a business?
Bid, Ask and Spread
At what price do I buy or sell?
Slippage and Requotes
Why does the execution price deviate?
Margin Call and Stop-out
When does the broker intervene in open positions?
Liquidity, trading hours and price gaps
When do execution conditions change?
Demo and live account
What experiences are transferable?
Pricing and reference markets
Where do courses come from in the surface?
Read Billing and Account History
How do I check the result of my transactions?
Account, server and access data
How do I find the right account?
MT4 interface and navigation
Where can I find which function in MT4?
MT5 interface and navigation
Where can I find which function in MT5?
Charts, timeframes and templates
How do I organize the market view?
Indicators and chart objects
What is calculated and what is only drawn?
Placing orders in MT4
What information does an order require?
Placing orders in MT5
What information does an order require?
Netting and hedging in the customer account
How are several deals booked?
Stop Loss, Take Profit and Trailing Stop
Where are conditions monitored and triggered?
Connection, update and security
How do I secure and maintain my access?
Version Comparison and Platform Limitations
What differences are relevant to my task?
Agent and principal
Who is the contractual partner of the business?
Market Maker, STP and ECN
What statements do these model labels carry?
A-Book, B-Book and Hybrid
Who carries what market exposure?
Liquidity providers
What Does a Liquidity Provider Really Deliver?
Prime Broker and Prime-of-Prime
How is market access facilitated?
Price feeds and data providers
Who generates and transmits the reference price?
Bridges and Gateways
How do trading and third-party systems connect?
Aggregators and routing rules
How are prices and execution methods chosen?
White Labels and Licensing Chains
What are the functions of which provider?
Payment services, banks and custody
Where does the deposited money go?
VPS, hosting and infrastructure
What operational function does the service provider perform?
Intermediaries, affiliates and compensation
Who earns from customer acquisition?
Contractual, data, money and risk flows
Which relationship proves which proof?
Service provider profiles and identity verification
How do I separate brand, company and supplier?
Signal services and subscriptions
What service does the user acquire?
MQL4 and MQL5 Overview
Which programming environment belongs to which platform?
Optimisation and overfitting
When does a model only learn the past?
Data quality and modelling assumptions
How does data affect test results?
Managed accounts and trade powers of attorney
Which decision is delegated?
Manager compensation and conflicts of interest
What incentives does the remuneration generate?
Strategy performance and risk comparison
How can results be compared fairly?
Copy deviations and account sizes
Why doesn’t a follower act identically?
Change of strategy and exit
What happens to open positions?
Spread versus Commission
What is the total cost of a transaction?
Financing, swap and roll-over
What does the holding period cost?
Currency conversion and other fees
What costs are outside the trade?
Pip, Point, Tick and Lot
Which unit describes which size?
Position size calculator
What size corresponds to the assumed loss budget?
Margin calculator
What security performance does the chosen model yield?
Pip and tick calculators
How does the monetary value of a price movement change?
Trading cost calculator
How do spread, commission and financing work together?
Break-even after costs
Which price movement covers the assumed costs?
Slippage calculator
What Does a Price Deviation in Money Mean?
Drawdown and loss recovery
Why does a loss need greater percentage compensation?
Performance fees and high-water marks
What profits are actually compensated?
Portfolio risk and correlated positions
Why are several positions not automatically diversified?
Cost comparison with holding time
How do charges change over several days?
Germany and EU: Responsibilities
Which bodies supervise which activity?
UK, Switzerland and third countries
What differences does a user need to check?
Requirements for broker organisation
What functions and controls are to be investigated?
Client funds and insolvency issues
How are claims and funds organized?
Appropriateness and suitability
Which audit belongs to which service?
Execution Principles and Order Quality
What rules govern execution?
Conflicts of interest and remuneration
How are incentives disclosed and controlled?
Risk statements and advertising
What statements does a user need before getting started?
Product intervention and customer protection
What restrictions apply in which jurisdiction?
Contracts, EULA and jurisdictions
Where and against whom can claims be prosecuted?
Complaints and dispute settlement
How is a process documented and addressed?
Warnings and clone firms
How do I distinguish original and identity abuse?
Manager authorisation and delegated trading
What obligations can arise from the management of third-party accounts?
Preservation of evidence in case of execution problems
Which documents and data help with reconstruction?
Fraud patterns and payout hurdles
Which processes deserve a separate audit?
Investigating execution quality
What data carries a statement about fair execution?
License access and platform abuse
How can the responsibility and knowledge chain be reconstructed?
Technically check price and account data
Which claim of manipulation can actually be proven?
Further administrative and judicial proceedings
What has been claimed, established or only decided by procedural law?
Documents, provenance and source chains
How does material become a robust case analysis?
FX Charts to MetaTrader
Which development steps are documented?
MT4 and MT5 milestones
What changes have shaped the platforms?
Companies, persons and responsibilities
Which identities and roles can be proven?
Products and licensing ecosystem
Which products and access routes belong together?
Dissemination and platform dependency
What use and dependency is proven?
Strengths, Limitations and Alternatives
Which tasks does the platform solve well and which ones do not?
Criticism and documented changes
How did the product and public debate change?
Archive of versions and sources
Which statement applies to which historical status?
No topics are covered for this selection.
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Critical timeline →
Documented decisions, technical findings and controversies — with date, source and visible limit of evidence.
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Version differences and account presentation are the basis of a reliable analysis.
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